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FORM
 
AFFIRMATIVE (+)
  Past Simple Present Perfect
  S + V2 S + have / has + V3
I I worked I have worked
we we worked we have worked
you you worked you have worked
they they worked they have worked
he he worked he has worked
she she worked she has worked
it it worked it has worked
 
NEGATIVE (-)
  Past Simple Present Perfect
  S + did + not + V S + have / has + not + V3
I I did not work I have not worked
we we did not work you have not worked
you you did not work we have not worked
they they did not work they have not worked
he he did not work he has not worked
she she did not work she has not worked
it it did not work it has not worked
  did not = didn't
has not = hasn't
have not = haven't
 
INTERROGATIVE (?) — General questions (or "Yes/ No") questions
  Past Simple Present Perfect
  did + S + V … ? have / has + S + V3 … ?
I did I work has I worked
we did we work have we worked
you did you work have you worked
they did they work have they worked
he did he work has he worked
she did she work has she worked
it did it work has it worked
 
INTERROGATIVE (?) — Special (or "Wh") questions
To make "Wh" questions we usually put a question word (QW) before a construction of "Yes/No" questions:
E.g.
Past Simple Present Perfect
QW + did + S + V … ? QW + have / has + S + V3 … ?
Why did you work … ? Why have you worked … ?
Where did he work … ? Where has he worked … ?
 
SHORT ANSWERS
Past Simple   Present Perfect  
Yes, S + did. No, S + didn't. Yes, S + have / has. No, S + haven't. / hasn't.
Yes, I did. No, I didn't. Yes, I have. No, I haven't.
Yes, we did. No, we didn't. Yes, we have. No, we haven't.
Yes, you did. No, you didn't. Yes, you have. No, you haven't.
Yes, they did. No, they didn't. Yes, they have. No, they haven't.
Yes, he did. No, he didn't. Yes, he has. No, he hasn't.
Yes, she did. No, she didn't. Yes, she has. No, she hasn't.
Yes, it did. No, it didn't. Yes, it has. No, it hasn't.
Important!
NOTE!
In short answers we use pronouns (I, we, you, they, he, she, it).
E.g.
— Did Mary go shopping yesterday?
— No, she didn't. (NOT: No, Mary didn't.)
***
V — Verb (the infinitive of the verb without "to"/ Present Simple verb (for I, we, you, they). E.g. write, go, listen, etc.
V2 — Verb in the 2nd form (Past Simple). E.g. wrote, went, listened, etc. 
V3 — Verb in the 3rd form (Past Participle). E.g. written, gone, listened, etc.
Revise irregular verbs here and how to add "ed" to regular verbs here.
S — Subject of the sentence
QW — Question word (E.g. what, when, where, why, who, how)