### Theory:

Geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a coordinate system, which defines two-dimensional coordinates based on the earth's actual surface, which is three-dimensional.
In GCS, latitudes and longitudes are used to represent the coordinates. Latitudes and longitudes, in general, are represented in degrees, minutes, seconds.
Where one degree is equal to $$60 minutes$$ and is equal to $$3600 seconds$$.
$$1° = 60' = 3600"$$.
One minute is equal to $$1/60 degrees$$.
$$1' = (1/60)° = 0.01666667°$$.
One second is equal to $$1/3600 degrees$$.
$$1" = (1/3600)° = 0.000277778°$$.

Important!
The DMS format: DMS format refers to the symbols that are used to represent degrees, minutes, seconds.
• Degrees are represented as $$d°$$.
• Minutes are represented as $$m'$$.
• Seconds are represented as $$s"$$.
Conversion of latitude and longitude to its decimal form:
The decimal degrees DD is equal to:

$$DD =$$ $d\mathrm{°}+\frac{{m}^{\prime }}{60}+\frac{{s}^{″}}{3600}$
Example:
Convert $$45$$ degrees $$20$$ minutes and $$35$$ seconds angle to decimal degrees

$$45$$° $$20$$' $$35$$".

The decimal degrees DD is equal to
$$DD =$$ $d\mathrm{°}+\frac{{m}^{\prime }}{60}+\frac{{s}^{″}}{3600}$ $$=$$ $40\mathrm{°}+\frac{{20}^{\prime }}{60}+\frac{{35}^{″}}{3600}$ $$= 40.34306°$$