### Theory:

Typically, the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature is limited. When this limit is reached, we have a saturated solution, and any additional solute simply settles to the bottom of the solution.
A saturated solution is one in which no more solute can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a given temperature.
Its solubility better explains the extent of a solute's dissolution in a solvent. Solubility measures how much of a solute can be dissolved in a given amount of a solvent.
Solubility is defined as the number of grams of a solute that can be dissolved in $$100 g$$ of a solvent to form its saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.
Example:
To form a saturated solution at $$25°C$$, $$36 g$$ of sodium chloride must be dissolved in $$100 g$$ of water. Thus, at $$25°C$$, the solubility of $$NaCl$$ in water is $$36 g$$.
The solubility is expressed mathematically as

$$\text{Solubility}$$ $$=$$ $$\frac{\text{Mass of the solute}} {\text{Mass of the solvent}}$$ $$\times 100$$

Let us see some of the solubility range of common substances in water at $$25°C$$:

 Name of the solute Formula of the solute Solubility $$g/100g$$ water Calcium carbonate $$CaCO_3$$ (s) $$0.0013$$ Sodium chloride $$NaCl$$ (s) $$36$$ Ammonia $$NH_3$$ (g) $$48$$ Sodium hydroxide $$NaOH$$(s) $$80$$ Glucose $$C_6H_12O_6$$(s) $$91$$ Sodium bromide $$NaBr$$(s) $$95$$ Sodium iodide $$NaI$$(s) $$184$$

Recall: Solubility refers to the maximum amount of a substance dissolved in a given volume of solvent. Solubility in water is frequently expressed in gram/$$100$$mL.

An unsaturated solution is one that has not reached its maximum solubility. This means that more solute could be added to the solvent, and dissolving would continue.

A solution that has attained maximum solubility is called a saturated solution.

Supersaturated solutions are those in which the dissolved solute has risen above the normal saturation point. Typically, a condition such as increased temperature or pressure is required to produce a supersaturated solution.